#1 A demise of a psychoanalyst

Otto Rank “referred to the Professor [Freud] as having said that he would accept the obligation to 'finish Silberer'."
Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Followers, (1975, p. 341).
Quoting, Grotjahn, Martin ,Notes on Reading the ‘Rundbriefe', Journal of the Otto Rank Association, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter 1973-74, p. 50).

Silberer: Hanged on a cross window 

Crucified

Like Victor Tausk, Herbert Silberer (February 28, 1882 – January 12, 1923) was yet another admirer and victim of psychoanalysis, although, unlike Tausk, Silberer wasn't a medicine doctor but a layman. On the other hand, just like Tausk, at least at first, Silberer was inexplicably attracted to Freud, like a moth is attracted to a candle, unaware that it will be burned to death if it gets too close to its flame.
Unlike most of Freud's followers, Silberer wasn't Jewish. Both Tausk and Silberer had things in common both in life and death.
On January 12, 1923, Silberer, like Tausk, allegedly committed suicide, under similarly suspicious circumstances.
As time went by, both of them were in opposition to Freud, and both were rejected by him. Both were much younger than Freud, and talented. Both were Christians (Tausk was a convert). And both died hanged on a cross window, a rather symbolic death. A case in point: Freud was a rabid hater of all religion, and Christianity in particular.

Three among the distinguished psychoanalysts I have personally known, Schrotter, Tausk, and Silberer, ended their own days. These were all members of the small psychoanalytical circle in Vienna. Others may follow in their steps.
Wittels, Fritz, Sigmund Freud: His Personality, his Teaching, (2013, p. 68).

A single Christian between numerous Jewish reudians...

Degenerate Freud?

This is a brief tale of Silberer’s fateful relationship with Freud.
In June 1909, Silberer sent Freud an essay that appealed to Freud. This is how, in a letter to Jung, of July 19, 1909, Freud described his newest acquisition:
Silberer is an unknown young man, probably a better-class degenerate; his father is a well-known figure in Vienna, a member of the city council and an ‘operator’. But his piece is good. (1)
N.B. Freud himself was a degenerate, but not of better-class.)
A year later, Freud met Silberer for the first time in July of 1910, and in October the “outsider” formally joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. (2)

A convinced Christian

Freud wasn't wholly taken with his new disciple. As he wrote the Swiss psychiatrist, Ludwig Binswanger, on April 12, 1912, he felt that Silberer, is not part of the Vienna group at all, significantly adding that, He is a convinced Christian (3), in Freud’s opinion not a positive thing, since the deranged Freud viewed Christianity as his mortal enemy.

A short bromance

In 1914, Silberer published his contribution, to Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams., initially welcomed by Freud, although it was only a matter of time before he became critical of his talented disciple.
On April 28, 1915, only a year later, Silberer, for the last time, attended the meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Subsequently, in 1919. and, again, two years later, in 1921, Freud rejected Silberer’s ideas. (4)
This didn't bode good for Silberer's well-being..

Don't try to contact me

As Roazen revealed, on April 17, 1922, Freud sent Silberer a note telling him, in no uncertain terms, that their relationship had ended, writing:
I request that you do not make the intended visit with me. As the result of the observation and impressions of recent years I no longer desire personal contact with you. (5)
That was a brief, but definitive, dismissal, but was it a reason enough to commit suicide? After all, Silberer's relations with Freud weren't exactly friendly for quite a while. Nonetheless, nine months later, Silberer was dead, allegedly by his own hand.
(1) Freud, Sigmund & Jung, Carl G., The Freud/Jung Letters : The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung, (1988, p. 242).
(2) Dufresne, Todd, The Late Sigmund Freud: Or, The Last Word on Psychoanalysis, Society, and All the Riddles of Life, (2017, p. 205).
(3) Dufresne, (2017, p. 208).
(4) Dufresne, (2017, p. 210).
(5) Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Folowers, (1975, p. 339).

Mysterious  origin of the rejecrion  note

Now, there's an obvious question that no one seems to have asked. How is it possible that the note sent to Silberer half a century earlier was found? Most certainly, at the moment of his death, it would have been in Silberer's possession. And since Roazen, an American professor, who produced it, had never met Silberer, nor his father, the note didn't originate in the Silberer's family. Remarkably for a reputable researcher, Roazen, didn't reveal the source of the note.

A treasure house of documents

There's though a clue. As he pointed out, he, stumbled upon a treasure house of documents. As Roazen recounted, Freud’s daughter Anna ,,, had commissioned Ernest Jones to write an authorized biography of her father. And when Jones, died, his papers were shipped to ... the London Institute of Psychoanalysis. As Roazen revealed, There they lay until I came upon them in the summer of 1965. *
There is little doubt that Roazen found the note to Silberer among those papers. And now to the most interesting question. How is it possible that the note to Silberer was found among the papers, provided by Anna Freud, most of them belonging to her father? It is highly unlikely that having received this kind of note, Silbererer would have returned it to Freud.
Rather, more probably, the murderer, who rummaging in the possessions of the victim, found the note, and took it with him to remove any trace of their controversy. And, the fact that the note was in Freud's (daughter's) possession, it points at Freud, and, possibly also at his daughter, as Herbert Silberer's murderers.
Admittedly, this is circumstantial evidence of Freud's involvement in Silberer's death, but lots of people were convicted for less. Interestingly, the Tausk's note to Freud, of 2 July 1919, allegedly penned by Tausk, although more probably by Freud, just like the note to Silberer, contains the expression, I do not want ... contact with you. **
* Roazen, Paul, Brother Animal, (1969, p. xvii).
** Roazen, Paul, (1969, p. 122).

Hear this, you foolish and senseless people, who have eyes but do not see, who have ears but do not hear.
Jeremiah 5:21.

Open opposition

According to Ernest Jones, Silberer, had broken his relationship with the Vienna group years before his death, and had gone, into open opposition. *
This didn't bode good for the unruly former disciple. Silberer’s opposition to his former master would, without a doubt, have infuriated Freud, and Freud didn't tolerate opposition. So what was Freud going to do about it?

 Jesuit  and enemy

Notably, Freud said about the Christian Silberer, the man is a Jesuit, * thus devoted to the church, which in Freud's book was one of the most serious accusations making Silberer Freud's enemy.
Insanely, Freud claimed that his greatest enemy was the Catholic Church - According to Freud, religion alone is to be taken seriously as an enemy. **
Another of Freud's excommunicated disciples. Wilhelm Stekel said that, when he left Freud's circle, only Silberer remained his friend, pointing out that, Silberer, was to pay dearly for this friendship. * Was Stekel intimating, as it appears, that Silberer paid for this friendship with his life?

The obligation to finish Silberer

Notably, Freud's protégé, Otto Rank referred to the Professor as having said that he would accept the obligation ‘to finish Silberer. * And, finish Silberer, Freud did.
* Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Followers, (1975, p. 341).
** SE 22, p. 60.

Stekel: too blinded by Freud's "greatness" to see the light...

Lively, charming, and dead...

One reason for Freud’s rejection of Silberer may have been the latter’s continued relationship with the Freudian defector, Wilhelm Stekel, as well as Silberer's editorship of a competing magazine, Psyche and Eros. (1)

In a deep rage

Silberer’s actions, weren’t helping his relationship with Freud. In particular, when Silberer invited other psychoanalysts to contribute to the journal, as it’s been alleged, Freud, for once, was seen, in a deep rage, growing pale. This didn't bode good for Silberer. And Freud had a long memory.
Unsurprisingly, as a result of their enmity, ten years after Silberer joined his psychoanalytical circle, Freud formally ejected Silberer from psychoanalysis.

Suicide was no surprise

Absurdly, as if people expected Silberer to kill himself, Roazen claimed that Silberer's suicide was no surprise. (2)
This is a false claim since Silberer’s death was a shock to all who knew him which is apparent from Helene Deutsch's husband's letter to her in which he informed her that, Among the psychoanalytic members there is a rather subdued mood on account of Silberer’s suicide. (3) Why would there be a subdued mood, if Silberer's suicide wasn't a suprise?
            Also, another of Freud's unruly disciples, Stekel pointed out that Silberer’s suicide was unexplainable. No one, neither family, nor his friends, nor acquaintances had an inkling that he was suicidal.

Lively for one week only

Only a week earlier, Silberer delivered an acclaimed lecture. As Stekel recalled, on this occasion, he had never seen Silberer so lively and engagingly charming. (4)
And yet in a week, Silberer was dead, allegedly by his own hand, in a most bizarre fashion.
Apparently, contrary to Roazen’s claim, Silberer’s death wasn’t expected, and one can only wonder what prompted Roazen to make such a bizarre claim. Possibly, one can explain this kind of blatant cover-up by the violent reaction of the psychoanalytical mafia to Roazen’s account of Tausk’s alleged suicide in 1969.
Accusing Freud, of murdering one of his disciples, was bad enough, accusing him of murdering another, was unforgivable. Thus, not having much civil courage to spare, and he wasn't the only one, Roazen participated in the at least, half-a-century-long cover-up of Freud’s murderous orgy.
(1) Gyimesi, Júlia, Silberer and his theory of symbol‐formation, J Hist Behav Sci. 2024;60:e22289. (pp. 5, 16).
(2) Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Folowers, (1975, p. 339).
(3) Roazen, Paul, Helene Deutsch: A Psychoanalyst's Life, (1992, p. 209).
(4) Gyimesi, Júlia, (2024, p. 6).

I remark without any commentary that ... Schrotter and Silberer ended in suicide.
Wittels, Fritz, Freud and his time, (1931, p. 132).

Cannibalising Silberer

Silberer’s critical reviews of Freud’s essays, published in the Psyche and Eros magazine, must have enraged Freud. One was Beyond Psychoanalysis, appearing in May/June edition of 1921, in which Silberer refuted Freud’s death drive theory. Another was a critical review of Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, published in the March/April edition of 1922, in which Silberer, recklessly, as it turned out, criticised Freud's idea of herd instincts.
Remarkably, in his review Silberer made light of Freud claim that the primary oral (cannibalistic) phase of individual development encompasses consuming the desired object, and, as a result, destroying it in the process.

Freud the cannibal

According to Freud, as quoted by Silberer, The cannibal, as we know, has not progressed from this phase; he loves ‘to devour’ his enemies, and he eats only those whom he loves.*
Now assuming that Freud was a murderer, the quote becomes even more sinister.
(In the Standard Edition, the quote is translated as, The cannibal, as we know, has remained at this standpoint: he has a devouring affection for his enemies and only devours people of whom he is fond.**
As a matter of course, one cannot but wonder, unless he was talking from experience, how could Freud have known the motivation of a cannibal. Was Silberer, allegorically (?) speaking, devoured by Freud the cannibal?
* Dufresne, Todd, The Late Sigmund Freud: Or, The Last Word on Psychoanalysis, Society, and All the Riddles of Life, (2017, p. 218).
** SE 18, p. 105).

This is how Stekel recounted Freud's  mistreatment of his disobedient disciples:
Analysts who kept company with me were excommunicated or fell from Freud’s grace. (An example of this is the brilliant Herbert Silberer.)
Bos, Jaap & Groenendijk, Leendert, The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel Freudian Circles Inside and Out, (2007., p. 157).

Freud: Living with demons

Rejected, dead and forgotten

Freud didn’t acknowledge Silberer’s suicide. Only, An anonymous one-paragraph obituary was published in the Bulletin of the International Psycho-Analytical Association in 1923. (1)
A year later, Silberer’s friend, Stekel, wrote Silberer’s obituary stating that once Silberer accepted the position of editorial assistant in the new analytical journal, Psyche and Eros, Freud was finished with Silberer. (2)

Demonic forces

As Stekel explained Silberer knew there was, a deep, unbridgeable chasm between himself and his beloved and revered teacher. (2)
So, even though Silberer loved, and revered, Freud, the latter had no love for his former disciple. Notably, referring to Silberer's state of mind, Stekel wrote, I have no idea what demonic forces hid beneath his serene exterior. (3) But what if those demonic forces hid not in the serene Silberer, but in the insane Freud?
As Schur recounted in his Freud's biography, talking about himself, Freud claimed that, a human being's demon is the best part of him. And, as Schur pointed out, In later years he (Freud) would often speak of his inner demon. (4)
As Stekel believed, not only Silberer's death may have been the result of his involvement with psychoanalysis.
Silberer shared the fate of many gifted people, he wrote, who concerned themselves with analysis without being thoroughly analyzed. (I refer only to the brilliant Viennese researchers Schroetter and Tausk, who also committed suicide, he explained.) (5)
So, all of them committed suicide because they weren’t analysed enough? A case in point: Freud wasn't analysed at all, and yet he didn't commit suicide.
N.B.  As Freud claimed he himself was psychoanalysis, and if we accept his claim, then Stekel's quote becomes even more ominous.  Hence, it was the fate of people who concerned themselves with Freud that were dying.
Not unexpectedly, Jones ridiculed the legendary “dangers of psychoanalysis; [the claims that] it either drove people mad or sent them to their death." (6)
Thus, if we believe  Jones, we should look elsewhere for the cause of Silberer's demise.  Although, it is doubtful that Jones knew about Freud's murderous nature.
(1) Dufresne, Todd, The Late Sigmund Freud: Or, The Last Word on Psychoanalysis, Society, and All the Riddles of Life, (2017, p. 220).
(2) Dufresne, (2017, p. 221).
(3) Dufresne, (2017, p. 222).
(4) Schur, Max, Freud: living and dying, 1972, p. 32.
(5) Dufresne, (2017, p. 222).
(6) Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Followers, (1975, p. 435).

The aged monster wearing glasses, most of his life suffering from hypergraphia.

Looks can be deceiving

Don't be fooled by Freud's intellectual looks, including his glasses. A large and scary number of serial killers including Jeffrey Dahmer, Dennis Nilsen [The British Dahmer], Harold Shipman [Dr Death), Dennis Rader [BTK killer], Gary Ridgway [Green River Killer] just to name a few, were wearing glasses.
Serial killers, Even though they’re monsters, they don’t look or act like monsters ... What makes them monsters is ... that they “don’t lose any sleep” over what they do.
What about Freud being a compulsive writer? He wouldn't be the only criminal suffering from a mental condition called hypergraphia.
Also, Dennis Rader, the BTK killer, was a compulsive writer keeping a diary. Another Dennis, Nilsen, suffered from the same affliction. There were many others.

Douglas, John & Olshaker, Mark, Obsession, (1998, p. 9).

On the right, Silberer's house

Dying on window bars?

According to Roazen, Silberer killed himself in a horrible way nine months later; he hanged himself on a set of window bars, leaving a flashlight shining in his face as he strangled so his wife could see him when she came home. (1)
Unfortunately, Roazen didn't specify where this information originated. Without doubt, Silberer died a horrible death, but whether it was a suicide is doubtful.
Rather, considering the staged character of his death, and its uncanny similarity to Tausk's alleged suicide, his death appears, once again, as in Tausk’s case, to have been a case of a staged murder rather than of a suicide.
Moreover, Roazen's claim that Silberer hanged himself on a set of window bars cannot be true. Since Silberer didn't live on the ground floor of his house, there wouldn't have been any bars on the windows.
[The Annahof building, where Silberer lived and died, was rebuilt in 1894. housing on the ground floor the Tabarin theater. (2)]
Silberer’s was not a "normal" suicide by hanging. Considering that the windows in general are only 90 cm above ground, hanging oneself on window bars, assuming there were any, is not an easy task.
In fact, the claim that Silberer hanged himself with a flashlight shining is his face is absurd. As a matter of course, there was no way for Silberer to adjust the flashlight before the suicide so that it would shine on his face once he hanged himself This must have been done after his death, and, thus, by his murderer.
In this way, by this ritualised procedure, the murderer was leaving his highly symbolic signature. Without a doubt, Silberer's suicide appears to be a textbook case of a staged suicide.
Also, the fact that Silberer was hanging so that the wife would have seen him is yet another clue that this was a murder rather than suicide. Even assuming that he killed himself, what would be the reason to scare his wife in this bizarre way?

Timing of Silberer's death

Another obvious question concerns the timing of Silberer’s death. At what time did the suicide happen? Apparently, since there's a mention of a shining flashlight, either the "suicide" took place in the evening, or the intention was for Silberer to be found in the evening or during the night. But this idea is inconsistent with the fact that Silberer was found by his wife when she returned home.
So, at what time would his wife have returned home? Under normal circumstances, one would expect the married couple to dine together. Thus, assuming that the dinner was at 6 pm., by then, when the wife returned home, her husband would already have been dead. And, if so, what was the purpose of the flashlight shining in the husband’s face? In any case, even if she didn’t come for dinner, under normal circumstances, the wife would have to come home before the curfew starting at 10 pm. (3)
This lets us determine at w what time Silberer died, sometime during the afternoon or the evening, in any case before 10 pm.
(1) Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Folowers, (1975, p. 339).
(2) St. Anna Hof (Vienna), Wikipedia, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.-Anna-Hof_%28Wien%29. 16.02.2024.
(3) Haller, Günther, Das Wirtshaus und die ungeliebte Sperrstunde (The pub and the unpopular curfew), Die Presse, 14.10.2020, https://www.diepresse.com/5882344/das-wirtshaus-und-die-ungeliebte-sperrstunde, 19.09.2024

Obituary

This is what Silberer’s official obituary had to say:
On Jan. 12 …, at the age of forty, Herbert Silberer put an end to his own life. Silberer was for many years a member of the Vienna group, but in recent years he had attended its meetings only rarely. His scientific writings, particularly on the subject of dream-psychology, have received recognition in psychoanalytic literature from various quarters. Critical objections, however, were made to more than one unjustifiable generalization on his part.
Taking into account the fact that Freud elsewhere, already referred to “an unjustifiable generalization of Silberer’s" *, there's little doubt that it was Freud that wrote the obituary.
Notably, the obituary claimed that Silberer's, interest obviously lay outside the domain of psychoanalysis proper.
Thus, Freud rejection of his disciple, even after death, was complete.  Denigrating his dead enemies, once Freud remained in the possession of the field **, was Freud's murderous hallmark.
Notably, just as in the case of Tausk's obituary, also Silberer's was unsigned. Apparently, when saying good riddance to his former deceased disciples and competitors, Freud preferred to hide his authorship from the wider public.
* Roazen, Paul, Freud and His Folowers, (1975, p. 340).
** SF 5. pp. 483, 485.

Helene Deutsch, one of Freud's many women

Instead of a requiem

This is what one of Freud’s female followers, the psychoanalyst, Helene Deutsch, herself analysed by Freud, had to say about Silberer’s fate.
Herbert Silberer, a long-standing member of the Vienna society... no longer on good personal terms with Freud, killed himself.

Mental overstimulation (like Tausk)

As Helene's husband, Felix, informed her, Silberer put an end to his life by means of the rope - allegedly on account of “mental overstimulation”.
Apparently, Felix was not convinced about the alleged cause of Silberer's death, although it is unlikely that he was making a connection between Freud’s personal aversion to Silberer, and the latter’s untimely death.
Silberer's suicide wasn't the only one at the time. As Felix recounted, among the doctors there has been yet another suicide.

Dr Kahane's suicide

Dr. Kahane, the electrotherapist, who once also belonged to the society, slit his Radialis - supposedly because of neediness. I knew him well - an elderly rather eccentric gentleman.
Significantly Felix added, I’m curious as to how Prof [Freud], takes these things. * With glee, of course.
Thus, under Freud's watch, several of Freud's disciples committed a suicide: Tausk, and Silberer, Max Kahane, to name a few.
Remarkably, Kahane, yet another of Freud's opponents, died on January 11, 1923, a day earlier than Silberer.
As Roazen pointed out, Freud's dismissal of Silberer was curt and official, in a discrete footnote, "bravely" revealing that in his view,

Controversies or suspicious deaths?


No doubt there are still some unknown controversies in Freud’s life. Wittels (Freud's earliest biographer) mentioned, for example, Freud having severed relations with Max Kahane. **
Apparently, Freud was spring-cleaning the house.
* Helene Deutsch: A Psychoanalyst's Life, (1992, p. 209).
** Roazen, Freud and His Followers, (1975, p. 339).

Continued on #2